Submarine analogy. You’re looking at a screen, not the ocean itself. Bernardo Kastrup.

Bernardo Kastrup uses the submarine analogy to explore what we're actually perceiving when we observe reality—reminding us that our instruments and screens mediate our experience of the world, much like a submarine's instruments show us data about the ocean rather than the ocean itself. This invitation into epistemology asks: what's the difference between the map and the territory, and how might that distinction reshape how we understand consciousness and what we can actually know?